1N4148 Diode

1N4148 Diode



1N4148 Diode Pinout

1N4148 Pin Configuration

Pin No.	Pin Name	Description
1	Anode	Current always Enters through Anode
2	Cathode	Current always Exits through Cathode

1N4148 Diode Characteristics

• Fast switching Diode
• Peak repetitive reverse voltage is 100V
• RMS reverse voltage is 75V
• Peak forward surge current is 2A
• Forward continuous current If 300mA
• Reverse recovery time 8ns
• Available in DO-35 Package

1N4148 Equivalent Diodes

1N914, IN914A, 1N914B, 1N916, 1N916A, 1N916B, 1N4448, 1N4448WS, 1N4448W, 1N4148WS

Description

A diode is a device that allows current flow through only one direction. That is the current should always flow from the Anode to cathode. The cathode terminal can be identified by using a grey bar as shown in the picture above.

For IN4148 Diode, the maximum current carrying capacity is 300mA it can withstand peaks up to 2A. The specialty of this diode is its fast recovery time of 8ns at a forward current of 10mA, hence this diode is used in places where fast switching is involved.

Applications of Diodes

• Can be used to prevent reverse polarity problem
• Protect Power electronic switches that are operating with high switching frequency.
• Half Wave and Full Wave rectifiers
• Used as a protection device
• Current flow regulators

2D representation (DO-35)

Electrolytic Capacitor

Electrolytic Capacitor



Electrolytic Capacitor Pinout

Pin Configuration

The Electrolytic Capacitors have polarity. Meaning they have a positive and negative pin. The pin which is long is the positive pin and the pin which is short is the negative pin. You can also identify the polarity using the negative strip on the capacitor label. As shown in the picture above the negative pin will be directly under the negative symbol.

Note: There are many types of capacitors; however electrolytic capacitors are the most widely used ones and this document is applicable only for the same.

Features

• Capacitor Type - Electrolytic 
• Has a high range of capacitance value starting from 0.01uF to 10000uF
• Has a high range of voltage value starting from 16V to 450V
• Can withstand a maximum of 105°C temperature

Other types of Capacitors

Ceramic Capacitor, Box Capacitor, Variable Capacitor.

Capacitor parameters selection

Ever wondered about the types of Electrolytic capacitors available in market and how to select one for your project? Electrolytic Capacitors can be classified based on two main parameters. One is their Capacitance(C-Farad) itself and the other is its Voltage (V-Volts) rating.

Capacitor is a passive component which can store a charge (Q). This charge (Q) will be a product of the value of capacitance (C) and the voltage (V) applied to it. The value of the capacitance and Voltage of a capacitor will be mentioned on its label.

Hence the amount of charge a capacitor can be found using the value of Voltage (V) and Capacitance (C) of the capacitor.

C = Q×V

Precaution

While using an Electrolytic capacitor care should always be taken to connect the positive pin to the positive of the circuit and the negative pin to the negative of the circuit. Also the voltage appearing across the capacitor terminals should always be less than the rated capacitor voltage (V). Failing to do so will lead to abnormal heating of the capacitor and might even burst.

Capacitor in series and parallel

In most of the circuits the value of the capacitance need not be exactly the same value specified in the circuit. A higher value of capacitance will generally not affect the performance of the circuit. However, the value of voltage should be the same or higher than the specified value to prevent the risk mentioned in precaution above. In that case, if you do not have the exact value you can use to capacitors in series or parallel to attain the desired value.

When two capacitors are connected in series then, the value of the capacitance(C) gets inversely added up and the rated voltage (V) is directly added up in series as shown in the picture below.

When two capacitors are connected in parallel then, the value of the capacitance(C) gets directly added up and the rated voltage (V) is remains the same in parallel as shown in the picture below.

Commonly Used Electrolytic Capacitors

Electrolytic Capacitors are not available in all desired values of Capacitance(C) and voltage (V). The most commonly available values are given in the table below

S.No:	Commonly Available capacitor values
1	0.1uF – 16V	0.1uF – 25V	0.1uF – 50V	0.1uF – 63V	-
5	0.22uF – 16V	0.22uF – 25V	0.22uF – 50V	0.22uF – 63V	-
9	0.33uF – 16V	0.33uF – 25V	0.33uF – 50V	0.33uF – 63V	-
13	0.47uF – 16V	0.47uF – 25V	0.47uF – 50V	0.47uF – 63V	-
17	1uF – 16V	1uF – 25V	1uF – 50V	1uF – 63V	1uF – 450V
22	2.2uF – 16V	2.2uF – 25V	2.2uF – 50V	2.2uF – 63V	-
26	3.3uF – 16V	3.3uF – 25V	3.3uF – 50V	3.3uF – 63V	-
30	4.7uF – 16V	4.7uF – 25V	4.7uF – 50V	4.7uF – 63V	-
34	10uF – 16V	10uF – 25V	10uF – 50V	10uF – 63V	10uF – 450V
39	22uF – 16V	22uF – 25V	22uF – 50V	22uF – 63V	-
43	33uF – 16V	33uF – 25V	33uF – 50V	33uF – 63V	-
47	47uF – 16V	47uF – 25V	47uF – 50V	47uF – 63V	-
51	100uF – 16V	100uF – 25V	100uF – 50V	100uF – 63V	-
56	220uF – 16V	220uF – 25V	220uF – 50V	220uF – 63V	-
60	330uF – 25V	-	-	-	-
61	470uF – 16V	470uF – 25V	470uF – 50V	470uF – 63V	-
65	1000uF – 25V	1000uF – 50V	-	-	-
67	2200uF – 25V	2200uF – 50V	-	-	-
69	3300uF – 25V	3300uF – 50V	-	-	-
71	4700uF – 25V	-	-	-	-
72	10000uF – 50V	-	-	-	-

 

Applications

• Filter circuits like High/Low pass filter etc.
• Remove noise from a circuit
• Smoothing ripples in converters
• Fading LED circuits
• Resonant circuits.

Ceramic Capacitor

Ceramic Capacitor

ceramic capacitor

Pin Configuration

The Ceramic Capacitors has no polarity. Meaning they can be connected in any direction. They are breadboard friendly and can be easily used on a perf board also. The symbol for ceramic capacitor is just two plain lines as shown above since they do not have any polarity.

Note: There are many types of capacitors; however ceramic capacitors are the most widely used ones and this document is applicable only for the same.

Ceramic Capacitor Features

• Capacitor Type - Ceramic 
• Has a high range of capacitance value starting from 10pF to 3.3uF
• Has a high range of voltage value starting from 16V to 450V
• Can withstand a maximum of 105°C temperature

Other Types of Capacitors

Ceramic Capacitor, Box Capacitor, Variable Capacitor, Mylar capacitors.

Identifying Ceramic Capacitors

The value of a ceramic capacitance will not be directly mentioned on the capacitor. There will always be a three digit number followed by a variable; let’s learn how to identify the value using these numbers. Consider the following capacitor.

As you can notice, these three digits are split into two digits and the third one is the multiplier. In this case 68 is the digit and 3 is the multiplier. So 68 should be multiplied with 10^3. Simple put it is 68 followed by 3 zeros. Hence the value of this capacitor will be 68000 pF. Notice the unit should always be pF. Similarly a capacitor with 220 code means it is 22 Pico farad, since 10^0 is 0.

The voltage rating of the capacitor can be found by using the line under this code. If there is a line then the voltage value is 50/100V if there is no line then it is 500V.

The most commonly used capacitor values along with their conversion in Pico Farad, Nano Farad and microfarad is given below.

Code	Picofarad (pF)	Nanofarad (nF)	Microfarad (uF)
100	10	0.01	0.00001
150	15	0.015	0.000015
220	22	0.022	0.000022
330	33	0.033	0.000033
470	47	0.047	0.000047
331	330	0.33	0.00033
821	820	0.82	0.00082
102	1000	1.0	0.001
152	1500	1.5	0.0015
202	2000	2.0	0.002
502	5000	5.0	0.005
103	10000	10	0.01
683	68000	68	0.068
104	100000	100	0.1
154	150000	150	0.15
334	330000	330	0.33
684	680000	680	0.68
105	1000000	1000	1.0
335	3300000	3300	3.3

Capacitor parameters selection

Ever wondered about the types of ceramic capacitors available in market and how to select one for your project? ceramic capacitors can be classified based on two main parameters. One is their Capacitance(C-Farad) itself and the other is its Voltage (V-Volts) rating.

Capacitor is a passive component which can store a charge (Q). This charge (Q) will be a product of the value of capacitance (C) and the voltage (V) applied to it. The value of the capacitance and Voltage of a capacitor will be mentioned on its label.

Hence the amount of charge a capacitor can be found using the value of Voltage (V) and Capacitance (C) of the capacitor.

C = Q×V

Capacitor in series and parallel

In most of the circuits the value of the capacitance need not be exactly the same value specified in the circuit. A higher value of capacitance will generally not affect the performance of the circuit. However, the value of voltage should be the same or higher than the specified value to prevent the risk mentioned in precaution above. In that case, if you do not have the exact value you can use to capacitors in series or parallel to attain the desired value.

When two capacitors are connected in series then, the value of the capacitance(C) gets inversely added up and the rated voltage (V) is directly added up in series as shown in the picture below.

When two capacitors are connected in parallel then, the value of the capacitance(C) gets directly added up and the rated voltage (V) is remains the same in parallel as shown in the picture below.

Applications

• Filter circuits like High/Low pass filter etc.
• Remove noise from a circuit
• Smoothing ripples in converters
• Fading LED circuits
• Resonant circuits.
• Decoupling and by pass circuits

2D representation (Type F)